The Bogotazo Colombias Legendary Riot of 1948

On April 9, 1948, populist Colombian presidential candidate Jorge Elià ©cer Gaità ¡n was shot down in the street outside of his office in Bogotà ¡. The poor of the city, who saw him as a savior, went berserk, rioting in the streets, looting and murdering. This riot is known as the â€Å"Bogotazo† or â€Å"Bogotà ¡ attack.† When the dust settled the next day, 3,000 were dead, much of the city had been burned to the ground. Tragically, the worst was yet to come: the Bogotazo kicked off the period in Colombia known as â€Å"La Violencia,† or â€Å"the time of violence,† in which hundreds of thousands of ordinary Colombians would die. Jorge Elià ©cer Gaità ¡n Jorge Elià ©cer Gaità ¡n was a lifelong politician and a rising star in the Liberal Party. In the 1930s and 1940s, he had served in various important government posts, including Mayor of Bogotà ¡, Minister of Labor and Minister of Education. At the time of his death, he was chairman of the Liberal Party and the favorite in the presidential elections scheduled to be held in 1950. He was a gifted speaker and thousands of Bogotà ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s poor filled the streets to hear his speeches. Even though the Conservative Party despised him and even some in his own party saw him as too radical, the Colombian working class adored him. Murder of Gaità ¡n   At about 1:15 in the afternoon of April 9, Gaità ¡n was shot three times by 20-year-old Juan Roa Sierra, who fled on foot. Gaità ¡n died almost immediately, and a mob soon formed to chase the fleeing Roa, who took refuge inside a drugstore. Even though there were policemen trying to remove him safely, the mob broke the iron gates of the drugstore and lynched Roa, who was stabbed, kicked and beaten into an unrecognizable mass, which the mob carried to the Presidential palace. The official reason given for the killing was that the disgruntled Roa had asked Gaità ¡n for a job but been denied. A Conspiracy Many people over the years have wondered if Roa was the real killer and if he acted alone. The prominent novelist Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez even took up the issue in his 2002 book â€Å"Vivir para contarla† (â€Å"To live to tell it†). There were certainly those who wanted Gaità ¡n dead, including the conservative government of President Mariano Opsina Pà ©rez. Some blame Gaità ¡n’s own party or the CIA. The most interesting conspiracy theory implicates none other than Fidel Castro. Castro was in Bogotà ¡ at the time and had a meeting scheduled with Gaità ¡n that same day. There is little proof for this sensational theory, however. The Riots Begin A liberal radio station announced the murder, exhorting the poor of Bogotà ¡ to take to the streets, find weapons and attack government buildings. The Bogotà ¡ working class responded with enthusiasm, attacking officers and policemen, looting stores for goods and alcohol and arming themselves with everything from guns to machetes, lead pipes, and axes. They even broke into police headquarters, stealing more weapons. Appeals to Cease For the first time in decades, the Liberal and Conservative Parties found some common ground: the riot must stop. The Liberals nominated Darà ­o Echandà ­a to replace Gaità ¡n as chairman: he spoke from a balcony, begging the mob to put down their weapons and go home: his pleas fell on deaf ears. The conservative government called in the army but they could not quell the riots: they settled for shutting down the radio station that had been inflaming the mob. Eventually, the leaders of both parties simply hunkered down and waited for the riots to end on their own. Into the Night The riot lasted into the night. Hundreds of buildings were burned, including government offices, universities, churches, high schools, and even the historic San Carlos Palace, traditionally the home of the president. Many priceless works of art were destroyed in the fires. On the outskirts of town, informal marketplaces sprung up as the people bought and sold items that they had looted from the city. A great deal of alcohol was bought, sold and consumed at these markets and many of the 3,000 men and women who died in the riot were killed in the markets. Meanwhile, similar riots broke out in Medellà ­n and other cities. The Riot Dies Down As the night wore on, exhaustion and alcohol began to take their toll and parts of the city could be secured by the army and what was left of the police. By the next morning, it had ended, leaving behind unspeakable devastation and mayhem. For a week or so, a market on the outskirts of the city, nicknamed the â€Å"feria Panamericana† or â€Å"Pan-American fair† continued to traffic in stolen goods. Control of the city was regained by the authorities and the rebuilding began. Aftermath and la Violencia When the dust had cleared from the Bogotazo, about 3,000 had died and hundreds of stores, buildings, schools, and homes had been broken into, looted and burned. Because of the anarchic nature of the riot, bringing looters and murderers to justice was nearly impossible. The clean-up lasted months and the emotional scars lasted even longer. The Bogotazo brought to light the deep hatred between the working class and the oligarchy, which had been simmering since the Thousand Days’ War of 1899 to 1902. This hatred had been fed for years by demagogues and politicians with different agendas, and it may have blown up anyway at some point even if Gaità ¡n had not been killed. Some say that letting out your anger helps you to control it: in this case, the opposite was true. The poor of Bogotà ¡, who still felt that the 1946 presidential election had been rigged by the Conservative Party, vented decades of pent-up rage on their city. Rather than use the riot to find common ground, Liberal and Conservative politicians blamed one another, further fanning the flames of class hatred. The Conservatives used it as an excuse to crack down on the working class, and the Liberals saw it as a possible stepping-stone to revolution. Worst of all, the Bogotazo kicked off the period in Colombia known as â€Å"La Violencia,† in which death squads representing differing ideologies, parties and candidates took to the streets in the dark of night, murdering and torturing their rivals. La Violencia lasted from 1948 to 1958 or so. Even a tough military regime, installed in 1953, took five years to stop the violence. Thousands fled the country, journalists, policemen, and judges lived in fear for their lives, and hundreds of thousands of ordinary Colombian citizens died. The FARC, the Marxist guerrilla group that currently is trying to overthrow Colombia’s government, traces its origins to La Violencia and the Bogotazo.

The Career Of A Veterinary Technician - 1537 Words

â€Å" My first instinct when I see an animal is to say â€Å"Hello.† My first instinct when I see a person is to avoid eye contact and hope they will just go away.† I have always wanted to help animals since I was five. I felt that animals can’t help themselves and I could help. The career of a veterinary technician is a gross and rewarding, because of all the different experiences that one will receive on an everyday basis. The research will describe the career of veterinary technician, what is required to become a successful veterinary technician, and the impacts this career has on today s society. Veterinary technicians first started out just being people being taken out of the street and trained to help vets do anything they needed help with. But in 1908 The Canine Nurses Institute in England made an organized effort to train veterinary assistants. it took the next 53 years for any university or college to set up a program just for animal technician. The first animal technician education program was established at the State University of New York Agricultural and Technical school in Delhi.The man that set up the program was Ralston Purina, he developed the very first animal technician training correspondence course for training laboratory animal technicians in the U.S. In 1965 the first British Veterinary Nurses Association was established, Also during this time Walter Collins, DVM receives federal funding to develop a modern curriculum for training Veterinary technicians. InShow MoreRelatedCareer as a Veterinary Technician Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesVeterinary technician s are like the techies of the theatre; the organization would be able to function without them, but it would be much harder. Things run a lot more smoothly with vet techs. There are multiple benefits that come with being a veterinary technician. These benefits include, but are not limited to, a high job outlook, great room for advancement, and only two years of schooling (depending on the route you take). Above all, the animals, who aren’t always able to help themselves, areRead MoreWhy Veterinary Technician is the Right Career for Me861 Words   |  3 Pagessomeone who loves animals and spending time with them, being a vet technicians is the most suitable career choice. A nurse is the person who comes into the room first, and takes note of whats wrong with a person. They also do the quick checks like temperauture, weight, and blood pressure. A vet tech does a lot fo the time duties that a nurse will do, but for animals instead of people. As a nurse is to a docter, a Veterinary Technician is a technical assitant to a Veterinatian. For someone who is interestedRead MoreVeterinary Technology Careers780 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation: A Veterinary Technician Career For many years I have struggled with a career choice. I have known for quite some time that I wanted to do something with animals but I wasn’t sure what that was. When I began my freshman year in college I was on the line of whether I wanted to be a full on Veterinarian or get a degree as a Veterinary Technician. Now, with the end of my freshman year approaching, I have decided to be a Veterinary Technician. Although some believe that a career as a VeterinarianRead MoreVeterinary Technicians931 Words   |  4 PagesVeterinary Technician A Veterinary Technician works as a skilled technical assistant to a veterinarian, or to another biomedical researcher or scientist. Veterinary technicians do not prescribe, diagnose, or perform surgery, and they always work under the supervision of a veterinarian. Thus being said, a veterinary technician career is a natural step for an aspiring veterinarian wanting to test the waters. Most veterinary technicians find employment in private veterinary practices doing traditionalRead MoreA Research Report On My Career Job1572 Words   |  7 Pages18, 2015 For my career job I would like to be a veterinarian. I have always loved animals, especially dogs. Also, this job would allow me to get to know a lot of different kinds of animals. I like helping animals, taking care of them, and playing with animals. And being a veterinarian, I would get to meet knew kinds of animals and have a good salary. The founding of the veterinary school in Lyon, France was by Claude Bourgelat in 1761, which was said to be started by the veterinary profession. TheRead MoreMy Career Job I Be A Veterinarian1564 Words   |  7 PagesFor my career job I would like to be a veterinarian. I have always loved animals, especially dogs. Also, this job would allow me to get to know a lot of different kinds of animals. I like helping animals, taking care of them, and playing with animals. And being a veterinarian, I would get to meet knew kinds of animals and have a good salary. The founding of the veterinary school in Lyon, France was by Claude Bourgelat in 1761, which was said to be started by the veterinary profession. The developmentRead MoreVeterinary Technician1861 Words   |  8 PagesVeterinary Technician There are about 100 organizations of veterinary technicians that exist, state, local, and provincial across the United States (American Veterinary Medical Association). Out of those 100 organizations, there were 62,000 employed veterinary technicians in the year of 2004. The career of Veterinary technician will be investigated for the purpose of learning techniques to increase an animal’s health, providing information will result in determining if pursuing this career willRead MoreThe Field Of Veterinary Medicine718 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are different careers in the field of Veterinary medicine? How do these jobs use chemistry? 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Dose Adjustment in Renal Disease Free Essays

GENERAL APPROACHES FOR DOSE ADJUSTMENT IN RENAL DISEASE Renal insufficiency can markedly alter one or more of the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug including oral bioavailability, volume of distribution, drug binding to plasma proteins, and most importantly the rates of metabolism and excretion, i. e. , drug clearance. We will write a custom essay sample on Dose Adjustment in Renal Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now . To minimize drug toxicity and maximize therapeutic benefits, it is often necessary to adjust drug dosage in proportion to the degree of renal insufficiency. A drug will most likely require dose adjustment in renal disease if: 1. A substantial fraction ( 40%) of the drug dose is excreted by the kidney either unchanged or as an active (or toxic) metabolites. 2. The drug or its active metabolite has a narrow therapeutic window such that drug accumulation cannot be tolerated. 3. The kidney is a major site for the inactivation of the drug. This applies mainly to peptides like insulin, glucagon, PTH, and imipenem. 4. There is a significant drop in the binding of the drug to plasma proteins. For instance, a decrease in the protein binding from 99 to 95% results in a fourfold rise in the unbound, active drug concentration. Dose adjustment may involve one or a combination of the following measures: 1. Extension of the dosing interval. 2. Reduction of the maintenance dose. 3. Administration of a loading dose. 4. Monitoring serum drug levels. FACTORS IN CHOOSING OF DOSE ADJUSTMENT APPROACH: Factors to consider when choosing appropriate dose adjustment approach are the class of drug ,the amplitude of the peak-trough fluctuation relative to the therapeutic index, magnitude of the dose with respect to the dose strength to be marketed and practicality of calculated dosing interval. Pharmacokinetic simulations can be especially helpful in visualizing the impact of various dose and interval changes and interval changes on the concentration time (C-T) profile at steady state. Reduced elimination of a drug prolongs its half life (t? ) as well as the time required for the serum level to reach a steady state (4 times t? ). Therefore, whenever it is clinically desirable to rapidly achieve a therapeutic steady state level a loading dose should administered. To maintain a therapeutic level and, at the same time, avoid drug accumulation and toxicity in a patient with reduced renal function, the clinician must consider reducing the size of the maintenance dose or the dosing frequency or both. In general, this reduction should also be proportional to the degree of renal impairment , but should also take into account adaptive or compensatory changes in the metabolism and excretion of the drug through non-renal routes. MAINTENANCE DOSE REDUCTION METHOD: The maintenance dose reduction method is used whenever a more constant (less oscillating) serum drug level is therapeutically preferable (e. . , ? -lactam antibiotics) Let us assume that one has already defined a safe and effective dose regimen for use in normal patients. This normal dose regimen is then adjusted according to dose fraction by two basic procedures. First method termed as constant interval, dose-reduction (DR) reduces the dose (D) by a factor of the dose fraction. Dose interval is the same as that used in the health person. D renal failure = D normal Kf t renal failure = t normal INTERVAL EXTENSION METHOD The second method referred to as constant dose, interval-extension(IE) extends dose interval by inverse of dose fraction, a value referred to as the dose interval multiplier : t renal failure = t normal (1/ kf) D renal failure = D normal This type of dose adjustment strategy may also be implemented through the use of a nomogram where the dosage interval multiplier for this IE regimen is simply read off a plot of creatinine clearance Interval extension method is used for drugs for which a constant serum level is either unnecessary (eg, vigabatrin) or undesirable (e. g. , aminoglycoside antibiotics). This method is also used for drugs that normally have long elimination t?. However, a combination of the two methods is often used. In addition, for a drug whose therapeutic serum level range is known and routinely measured, dosage adjustment is often guided by monitoring the serum drug level and the patient’s response in terms of the therapeutic benefit and adverse drug reactions (toxicity). Reference:: http://www. hedrugmonitor. com/RIT97. html http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=qXw33GaQF9IC=PA288=PA288=general+approaches+to+dose+adjustment+in+renal+patients=bl=IKsqNAp2nU=jglKfgGimUFQ_xBN9cGKPPRsC2E=en=CxbTStLaAo-QkQX1_N30Aw=X=book_result=result=7=0CCMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage=general%20approaches%20to%20dose%20adjustment%20in%20renal%20patients=false http://www. gbv. de/du/services/toc/bs/380847361 http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=9324ILATCgMC=PA288=general+approaches+to+dose+adjustment+in+renal+DISEASE#v=onepage=general%20approaches%20to%20dose%20adjustment%20in%20renal%20DISEASE=false How to cite Dose Adjustment in Renal Disease, Papers

Social Media in Arab Spring free essay sample

Facebook, Twitter, Youtube and other social media websites were the driving force in Arab Spring. â€Å"Arab Spring† translated to Arab revolutions in Arabic, were series of protests and demonstrations against dictatorship, absolute monarchy, human rights violations, and government corruption (SOURCE). Protests around the Middle East were sparked by posts, photos and updates on popular social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube. Pro-government officials responded to these protests violently These violent attacks led by supporters of the government sparked more drive, anger, and inspiration in protesters to strive for change. One by one totalitarian governments began to fall and the goal of the young protesters was in sight . Government corruption, inequality, censorship, and mass unemployment in the younger, educated, generation were prevalent in Tunisia (#2). The protests in the country were inspired around Mohamed Bouazizi (#2). Bouazizi was a young, well educated, man, who was the sole provider for his family of seven (#1). We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media in Arab Spring or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the absence of his vendors permit, police took his cart, and slapped him Fed up with public humiliation, government corruption and his unemployment, Bouazizi lit himself on fire in front of a government building in protest . That day in December 2010, protests broke out, and were documented and shared online (ONE). The protesters relied on Facebook and Twitter to share updates of each demonstration Also calls and the organization of the next protest would be announced on those websites (TWO). In only a month’s time, President Zine El Abidine Ben fled the countr. Soon the actions of the Tunisians and Mohamed Bouazizi snowballed into one, unified protest for change all over the Middle