The Bogotazo Colombias Legendary Riot of 1948

On April 9, 1948, populist Colombian presidential candidate Jorge Elià ©cer Gaità ¡n was shot down in the street outside of his office in Bogotà ¡. The poor of the city, who saw him as a savior, went berserk, rioting in the streets, looting and murdering. This riot is known as the â€Å"Bogotazo† or â€Å"Bogotà ¡ attack.† When the dust settled the next day, 3,000 were dead, much of the city had been burned to the ground. Tragically, the worst was yet to come: the Bogotazo kicked off the period in Colombia known as â€Å"La Violencia,† or â€Å"the time of violence,† in which hundreds of thousands of ordinary Colombians would die. Jorge Elià ©cer Gaità ¡n Jorge Elià ©cer Gaità ¡n was a lifelong politician and a rising star in the Liberal Party. In the 1930s and 1940s, he had served in various important government posts, including Mayor of Bogotà ¡, Minister of Labor and Minister of Education. At the time of his death, he was chairman of the Liberal Party and the favorite in the presidential elections scheduled to be held in 1950. He was a gifted speaker and thousands of Bogotà ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s poor filled the streets to hear his speeches. Even though the Conservative Party despised him and even some in his own party saw him as too radical, the Colombian working class adored him. Murder of Gaità ¡n   At about 1:15 in the afternoon of April 9, Gaità ¡n was shot three times by 20-year-old Juan Roa Sierra, who fled on foot. Gaità ¡n died almost immediately, and a mob soon formed to chase the fleeing Roa, who took refuge inside a drugstore. Even though there were policemen trying to remove him safely, the mob broke the iron gates of the drugstore and lynched Roa, who was stabbed, kicked and beaten into an unrecognizable mass, which the mob carried to the Presidential palace. The official reason given for the killing was that the disgruntled Roa had asked Gaità ¡n for a job but been denied. A Conspiracy Many people over the years have wondered if Roa was the real killer and if he acted alone. The prominent novelist Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez even took up the issue in his 2002 book â€Å"Vivir para contarla† (â€Å"To live to tell it†). There were certainly those who wanted Gaità ¡n dead, including the conservative government of President Mariano Opsina Pà ©rez. Some blame Gaità ¡n’s own party or the CIA. The most interesting conspiracy theory implicates none other than Fidel Castro. Castro was in Bogotà ¡ at the time and had a meeting scheduled with Gaità ¡n that same day. There is little proof for this sensational theory, however. The Riots Begin A liberal radio station announced the murder, exhorting the poor of Bogotà ¡ to take to the streets, find weapons and attack government buildings. The Bogotà ¡ working class responded with enthusiasm, attacking officers and policemen, looting stores for goods and alcohol and arming themselves with everything from guns to machetes, lead pipes, and axes. They even broke into police headquarters, stealing more weapons. Appeals to Cease For the first time in decades, the Liberal and Conservative Parties found some common ground: the riot must stop. The Liberals nominated Darà ­o Echandà ­a to replace Gaità ¡n as chairman: he spoke from a balcony, begging the mob to put down their weapons and go home: his pleas fell on deaf ears. The conservative government called in the army but they could not quell the riots: they settled for shutting down the radio station that had been inflaming the mob. Eventually, the leaders of both parties simply hunkered down and waited for the riots to end on their own. Into the Night The riot lasted into the night. Hundreds of buildings were burned, including government offices, universities, churches, high schools, and even the historic San Carlos Palace, traditionally the home of the president. Many priceless works of art were destroyed in the fires. On the outskirts of town, informal marketplaces sprung up as the people bought and sold items that they had looted from the city. A great deal of alcohol was bought, sold and consumed at these markets and many of the 3,000 men and women who died in the riot were killed in the markets. Meanwhile, similar riots broke out in Medellà ­n and other cities. The Riot Dies Down As the night wore on, exhaustion and alcohol began to take their toll and parts of the city could be secured by the army and what was left of the police. By the next morning, it had ended, leaving behind unspeakable devastation and mayhem. For a week or so, a market on the outskirts of the city, nicknamed the â€Å"feria Panamericana† or â€Å"Pan-American fair† continued to traffic in stolen goods. Control of the city was regained by the authorities and the rebuilding began. Aftermath and la Violencia When the dust had cleared from the Bogotazo, about 3,000 had died and hundreds of stores, buildings, schools, and homes had been broken into, looted and burned. Because of the anarchic nature of the riot, bringing looters and murderers to justice was nearly impossible. The clean-up lasted months and the emotional scars lasted even longer. The Bogotazo brought to light the deep hatred between the working class and the oligarchy, which had been simmering since the Thousand Days’ War of 1899 to 1902. This hatred had been fed for years by demagogues and politicians with different agendas, and it may have blown up anyway at some point even if Gaità ¡n had not been killed. Some say that letting out your anger helps you to control it: in this case, the opposite was true. The poor of Bogotà ¡, who still felt that the 1946 presidential election had been rigged by the Conservative Party, vented decades of pent-up rage on their city. Rather than use the riot to find common ground, Liberal and Conservative politicians blamed one another, further fanning the flames of class hatred. The Conservatives used it as an excuse to crack down on the working class, and the Liberals saw it as a possible stepping-stone to revolution. Worst of all, the Bogotazo kicked off the period in Colombia known as â€Å"La Violencia,† in which death squads representing differing ideologies, parties and candidates took to the streets in the dark of night, murdering and torturing their rivals. La Violencia lasted from 1948 to 1958 or so. Even a tough military regime, installed in 1953, took five years to stop the violence. Thousands fled the country, journalists, policemen, and judges lived in fear for their lives, and hundreds of thousands of ordinary Colombian citizens died. The FARC, the Marxist guerrilla group that currently is trying to overthrow Colombia’s government, traces its origins to La Violencia and the Bogotazo.

The Career Of A Veterinary Technician - 1537 Words

â€Å" My first instinct when I see an animal is to say â€Å"Hello.† My first instinct when I see a person is to avoid eye contact and hope they will just go away.† I have always wanted to help animals since I was five. I felt that animals can’t help themselves and I could help. The career of a veterinary technician is a gross and rewarding, because of all the different experiences that one will receive on an everyday basis. The research will describe the career of veterinary technician, what is required to become a successful veterinary technician, and the impacts this career has on today s society. Veterinary technicians first started out just being people being taken out of the street and trained to help vets do anything they needed help with. But in 1908 The Canine Nurses Institute in England made an organized effort to train veterinary assistants. it took the next 53 years for any university or college to set up a program just for animal technician. The first animal technician education program was established at the State University of New York Agricultural and Technical school in Delhi.The man that set up the program was Ralston Purina, he developed the very first animal technician training correspondence course for training laboratory animal technicians in the U.S. In 1965 the first British Veterinary Nurses Association was established, Also during this time Walter Collins, DVM receives federal funding to develop a modern curriculum for training Veterinary technicians. InShow MoreRelatedCareer as a Veterinary Technician Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesVeterinary technician s are like the techies of the theatre; the organization would be able to function without them, but it would be much harder. Things run a lot more smoothly with vet techs. There are multiple benefits that come with being a veterinary technician. These benefits include, but are not limited to, a high job outlook, great room for advancement, and only two years of schooling (depending on the route you take). Above all, the animals, who aren’t always able to help themselves, areRead MoreWhy Veterinary Technician is the Right Career for Me861 Words   |  3 Pagessomeone who loves animals and spending time with them, being a vet technicians is the most suitable career choice. A nurse is the person who comes into the room first, and takes note of whats wrong with a person. They also do the quick checks like temperauture, weight, and blood pressure. A vet tech does a lot fo the time duties that a nurse will do, but for animals instead of people. As a nurse is to a docter, a Veterinary Technician is a technical assitant to a Veterinatian. For someone who is interestedRead MoreVeterinary Technology Careers780 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation: A Veterinary Technician Career For many years I have struggled with a career choice. I have known for quite some time that I wanted to do something with animals but I wasn’t sure what that was. When I began my freshman year in college I was on the line of whether I wanted to be a full on Veterinarian or get a degree as a Veterinary Technician. Now, with the end of my freshman year approaching, I have decided to be a Veterinary Technician. Although some believe that a career as a VeterinarianRead MoreVeterinary Technicians931 Words   |  4 PagesVeterinary Technician A Veterinary Technician works as a skilled technical assistant to a veterinarian, or to another biomedical researcher or scientist. Veterinary technicians do not prescribe, diagnose, or perform surgery, and they always work under the supervision of a veterinarian. Thus being said, a veterinary technician career is a natural step for an aspiring veterinarian wanting to test the waters. Most veterinary technicians find employment in private veterinary practices doing traditionalRead MoreA Research Report On My Career Job1572 Words   |  7 Pages18, 2015 For my career job I would like to be a veterinarian. I have always loved animals, especially dogs. Also, this job would allow me to get to know a lot of different kinds of animals. I like helping animals, taking care of them, and playing with animals. And being a veterinarian, I would get to meet knew kinds of animals and have a good salary. The founding of the veterinary school in Lyon, France was by Claude Bourgelat in 1761, which was said to be started by the veterinary profession. TheRead MoreMy Career Job I Be A Veterinarian1564 Words   |  7 PagesFor my career job I would like to be a veterinarian. I have always loved animals, especially dogs. Also, this job would allow me to get to know a lot of different kinds of animals. I like helping animals, taking care of them, and playing with animals. And being a veterinarian, I would get to meet knew kinds of animals and have a good salary. The founding of the veterinary school in Lyon, France was by Claude Bourgelat in 1761, which was said to be started by the veterinary profession. The developmentRead MoreVeterinary Technician1861 Words   |  8 PagesVeterinary Technician There are about 100 organizations of veterinary technicians that exist, state, local, and provincial across the United States (American Veterinary Medical Association). Out of those 100 organizations, there were 62,000 employed veterinary technicians in the year of 2004. The career of Veterinary technician will be investigated for the purpose of learning techniques to increase an animal’s health, providing information will result in determining if pursuing this career willRead MoreThe Field Of Veterinary Medicine718 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are different careers in the field of Veterinary medicine? How do these jobs use chemistry? Why is chemistry so important to veterinarians? What arguments are there about veterinary medicine? Different careers in the field of Veterinary medicine There are several different career paths that you can take with a veterinary degree, but there are six main areas of veterinary medicine that include: Private practice, Teaching and research, Industry, etc. First off is Private practiceRead MoreVet Technician vs. Registered Nurse Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesOn Pet Technician vs. Registered Nurse Have you ever been in a position where you where stuck and couldn’t decide between two careers? Whether it was something that you love to do or something that pays well? The answer may seem easy to you but when you start comparing the facts; that’s when it gets hard to choose. For many of us, graduates and people around the world have a difficult time choosing a career that can be a confusing process. A lot of people tend to settle down on a career quicklyRead MoreDo You Want to Become a Veterinarian? Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagesyou is veterinary medicine! Some important things you need to know if you are interested in becoming a vet are schooling, the different types of vets, and the logistics of being a vet. Schooling In order to become a vet, years of schooling is involved. Planning ahead, some courses that should have already been taken before college are many science classes such as biology, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, zoology, microbiology, and animal science. Most of them are required by veterinary medicine

Dose Adjustment in Renal Disease Free Essays

GENERAL APPROACHES FOR DOSE ADJUSTMENT IN RENAL DISEASE Renal insufficiency can markedly alter one or more of the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug including oral bioavailability, volume of distribution, drug binding to plasma proteins, and most importantly the rates of metabolism and excretion, i. e. , drug clearance. We will write a custom essay sample on Dose Adjustment in Renal Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now . To minimize drug toxicity and maximize therapeutic benefits, it is often necessary to adjust drug dosage in proportion to the degree of renal insufficiency. A drug will most likely require dose adjustment in renal disease if: 1. A substantial fraction ( 40%) of the drug dose is excreted by the kidney either unchanged or as an active (or toxic) metabolites. 2. The drug or its active metabolite has a narrow therapeutic window such that drug accumulation cannot be tolerated. 3. The kidney is a major site for the inactivation of the drug. This applies mainly to peptides like insulin, glucagon, PTH, and imipenem. 4. There is a significant drop in the binding of the drug to plasma proteins. For instance, a decrease in the protein binding from 99 to 95% results in a fourfold rise in the unbound, active drug concentration. Dose adjustment may involve one or a combination of the following measures: 1. Extension of the dosing interval. 2. Reduction of the maintenance dose. 3. Administration of a loading dose. 4. Monitoring serum drug levels. FACTORS IN CHOOSING OF DOSE ADJUSTMENT APPROACH: Factors to consider when choosing appropriate dose adjustment approach are the class of drug ,the amplitude of the peak-trough fluctuation relative to the therapeutic index, magnitude of the dose with respect to the dose strength to be marketed and practicality of calculated dosing interval. Pharmacokinetic simulations can be especially helpful in visualizing the impact of various dose and interval changes and interval changes on the concentration time (C-T) profile at steady state. Reduced elimination of a drug prolongs its half life (t? ) as well as the time required for the serum level to reach a steady state (4 times t? ). Therefore, whenever it is clinically desirable to rapidly achieve a therapeutic steady state level a loading dose should administered. To maintain a therapeutic level and, at the same time, avoid drug accumulation and toxicity in a patient with reduced renal function, the clinician must consider reducing the size of the maintenance dose or the dosing frequency or both. In general, this reduction should also be proportional to the degree of renal impairment , but should also take into account adaptive or compensatory changes in the metabolism and excretion of the drug through non-renal routes. MAINTENANCE DOSE REDUCTION METHOD: The maintenance dose reduction method is used whenever a more constant (less oscillating) serum drug level is therapeutically preferable (e. . , ? -lactam antibiotics) Let us assume that one has already defined a safe and effective dose regimen for use in normal patients. This normal dose regimen is then adjusted according to dose fraction by two basic procedures. First method termed as constant interval, dose-reduction (DR) reduces the dose (D) by a factor of the dose fraction. Dose interval is the same as that used in the health person. D renal failure = D normal Kf t renal failure = t normal INTERVAL EXTENSION METHOD The second method referred to as constant dose, interval-extension(IE) extends dose interval by inverse of dose fraction, a value referred to as the dose interval multiplier : t renal failure = t normal (1/ kf) D renal failure = D normal This type of dose adjustment strategy may also be implemented through the use of a nomogram where the dosage interval multiplier for this IE regimen is simply read off a plot of creatinine clearance Interval extension method is used for drugs for which a constant serum level is either unnecessary (eg, vigabatrin) or undesirable (e. g. , aminoglycoside antibiotics). This method is also used for drugs that normally have long elimination t?. However, a combination of the two methods is often used. In addition, for a drug whose therapeutic serum level range is known and routinely measured, dosage adjustment is often guided by monitoring the serum drug level and the patient’s response in terms of the therapeutic benefit and adverse drug reactions (toxicity). Reference:: http://www. hedrugmonitor. com/RIT97. html http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=qXw33GaQF9IC=PA288=PA288=general+approaches+to+dose+adjustment+in+renal+patients=bl=IKsqNAp2nU=jglKfgGimUFQ_xBN9cGKPPRsC2E=en=CxbTStLaAo-QkQX1_N30Aw=X=book_result=result=7=0CCMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage=general%20approaches%20to%20dose%20adjustment%20in%20renal%20patients=false http://www. gbv. de/du/services/toc/bs/380847361 http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=9324ILATCgMC=PA288=general+approaches+to+dose+adjustment+in+renal+DISEASE#v=onepage=general%20approaches%20to%20dose%20adjustment%20in%20renal%20DISEASE=false How to cite Dose Adjustment in Renal Disease, Papers

Social Media in Arab Spring free essay sample

Facebook, Twitter, Youtube and other social media websites were the driving force in Arab Spring. â€Å"Arab Spring† translated to Arab revolutions in Arabic, were series of protests and demonstrations against dictatorship, absolute monarchy, human rights violations, and government corruption (SOURCE). Protests around the Middle East were sparked by posts, photos and updates on popular social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube. Pro-government officials responded to these protests violently These violent attacks led by supporters of the government sparked more drive, anger, and inspiration in protesters to strive for change. One by one totalitarian governments began to fall and the goal of the young protesters was in sight . Government corruption, inequality, censorship, and mass unemployment in the younger, educated, generation were prevalent in Tunisia (#2). The protests in the country were inspired around Mohamed Bouazizi (#2). Bouazizi was a young, well educated, man, who was the sole provider for his family of seven (#1). We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media in Arab Spring or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the absence of his vendors permit, police took his cart, and slapped him Fed up with public humiliation, government corruption and his unemployment, Bouazizi lit himself on fire in front of a government building in protest . That day in December 2010, protests broke out, and were documented and shared online (ONE). The protesters relied on Facebook and Twitter to share updates of each demonstration Also calls and the organization of the next protest would be announced on those websites (TWO). In only a month’s time, President Zine El Abidine Ben fled the countr. Soon the actions of the Tunisians and Mohamed Bouazizi snowballed into one, unified protest for change all over the Middle

Lab report water Sample

Lab report water Paper If the amylase only partly digests the starch, what would you expect to happen? If the amylase only partly digests the starch, I would expect to see a faint color change as well as a small presence of glucose inside the intestine. If the amylase fails to digest the starch, what results would you expect? If the amylase fails to digest the starch, I would expect the solution inside the intestine (Dialysis tubing) to change color to blue-black due to the chemical action that will occur when the Logos regent (kill) permeates through the intestine (Dialysis tubing). Why is it necessary to have a control for this experiment? By having a control in this experiment, we can see the changes with the presence of amylase. Logos regent (kill) changes color in the presence of starch, which is the control group that we have setup that demonstrates what would happen naturally, with starch and Logos regent (kill). The control group will have a distinct comparison available for us. As amylase, an enzyme that catalysts the reawaken of the starch into glucose, which will have no reaction with Logos regent (kill) as well as no color change. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report water specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Were starch molecules able to cross the membrane? No, the starch molecules were not able to cross the membrane, because if it were able to pass through, then the solution on the outside of the intestine (Dialysis tubing) would have changed color to blue-black. Were Lug molecules able to cross the membrane? Yes, the starch molecules were able to cross the membrane as we observe the lour changes that occur inside the intestine (Dialysis tubing). What is your conclusion regard amylase digestive activity? In this experiment, I concluded that amylase have the abilities to catalyst the breakdown of the starch into glucose. Also, some molecules, such as the Logos regent (kill) and glucose are able to permeate through intestine (Dialysis tubing) while others, such as starch is not able to permeate through the (Dialysis What does this experiment tell you about the size of glucose molecules and membrane permeability? This experiment tells me the size of the glucose molecule is very small in comparison to starch molecule. They have high membrane permeability that allows them to permeate through the intestine (Dialysis tubing); this is supported by the presence of glucose in the water when we conducted the glucose test. In the experiment, did the movement of glucose and starch molecule reflect the expected results of biological simulation? In this experiment, the glucose and starch molecules accurately reflected the expected results of the biological simulation. Animals starch molecule cant cross the plasma membrane to leave the intestine, similarity in our experiment, the starch solution were not able to permeate through the intestine (Dialysis tubing), thus a no change of color occurred in the Logos regent (kill) solution. Furthermore, the glucose molecules can cross membrane between the intestine and circulatory system, and this is proven accurate as we were able to test the presence of glucose in the Logos regent (kill) solution that contain amylase in the intestine (Dialysis tubing).

Probabilities for Monopoly

Probabilities for Monopoly Monopoly is a board game in which players get to put capitalism into action. Players buy and sell properties and charge each other rent. Although there are social and strategic portions of the game, players move their pieces around the board by rolling two standard six-sided dice. Since this controls how the players move, there is also an aspect of probability to the game. By only knowing a few facts, we can calculate how likely it is to land on certain spaces during the first two turns at the beginning of the game. The Dice On each turn, a player rolls two dice and then moves his or her piece that many spaces on the board. So it is helpful to review the probabilities for rolling two dice. In summary, the following sums are possible: A sum of two has probability 1/36.A sum of three has probability 2/36.A sum of four has probability 3/36.A sum of five has probability 4/36.A sum of six has probability 5/36.A sum of seven has probability 6/36.A sum of eight has probability 5/36.A sum of nine has probability 4/36.A sum of ten has probability 3/36.A sum of eleven has probability 2/36.A sum of twelve has probability 1/36. These probabilities will be very important as we continue. The Monopoly Gameboard We also need to take note of the Monopoly gameboard. There are a total of 40 spaces around the gameboard, with 28 of these properties, railroads, or utilities that can be purchased. Six spaces involve drawing a card from the Chance or Community Chest piles. Three spaces are free spaces in which nothing happens. Two spaces involving paying taxes: either income tax or luxury tax. One space sends the player to jail. We will only consider the first two turns of a game of Monopoly. In the course of these turns, the furthest we could get around the board is to roll twelve twice and move a total of 24 spaces. So we will only examine the first 24 spaces on the board. In order these spaces are: Mediterranean AvenueCommunity ChestBaltic AvenueIncome TaxReading RailroadOriental AvenueChanceVermont AvenueConnecticut TaxJust Visiting JailSt. James PlaceElectric CompanyStates AvenueVirginia AvenuePennsylvania RailroadSt. James PlaceCommunity ChestTennessee AvenueNew York AvenueFree ParkingKentucky AvenueChanceIndiana AvenueIllinois Avenue First Turn The first turn is relatively straightforward. Since we have probabilities for rolling two dice, we simply match these up with the appropriate squares. For instance, the second space is a Community Chest square and there is a 1/36 probability of rolling a sum of two. Thus there is a 1/36 probability of landing on Community Chest on the first turn. Below are the probabilities of landing on the following spaces on the first turn: Community Chest – 1/36Baltic Avenue – 2/36Income Tax – 3/36Reading Railroad – 4/36Oriental Avenue – 5/36Chance – 6/36Vermont Avenue – 5/36Connecticut Tax – 4/36Just Visiting Jail – 3/36St. James Place – 2/36Electric Company – 1/36 Second Turn Calculating the probabilities for the second turn is somewhat more difficult. We can roll a total of two on both turns and go a minimum of four spaces, or a total of 12 on both turns and go a maximum of 24 spaces. Any spaces between four and 24 can also be reached. But these can be done in different ways. For example, we could move a total of seven spaces by moving any of the following combinations: Two spaces on the first turn and five spaces on the second turnThree spaces on the first turn and four spaces on the second turnFour spaces on the first turn and three spaces on the second turnFive spaces on the first turn and two spaces on the second turn We must consider all of these possibilities when calculating probabilities. Each turn’s throws are independent of the next turn’s throw. So we do not need to worry about conditional probability, but just need to multiply each of the probabilities: The probability of rolling a two and then a five is (1/36) x (4/36) 4/1296.The probability of rolling a three and then a four is (2/36) x (3/36) 6/1296.The probability of rolling a four and then a three is (3/36) x (2/36) 6/1296.The probability of rolling a five and then a two is (4/36) x (1/36) 4/1296. Mutually Exclusive Addition Rule Other probabilities for two turns are calculated in the same way. For each case, we just need to figure out all of the possible ways to obtain a total sum corresponding to that square of the game board. Below are the probabilities(rounded to the nearest hundredth of a percent) of landing on the following spaces on the first turn: Income Tax – 0.08%Reading Railroad – 0.31%Oriental Avenue – 0.77%Chance – 1.54%Vermont Avenue – 2.70%Connecticut Tax – 4.32%Just Visiting Jail – 6.17%St. James Place – 8.02%Electric Company – 9.65%States Avenue – 10.80%Virginia Avenue – 11.27%Pennsylvania Railroad – 10.80%St. James Place – 9.65%Community Chest – 8.02%Tennessee Avenue 6.17%New York Avenue 4.32%Free Parking – 2.70%Kentucky Avenue – 1.54%Chance – 0.77%Indiana Avenue – 0.31%Illinois Avenue – 0.08% More Than Three Turns For more turns, the situation becomes even more difficult. One reason is that in the rules of the game if we roll doubles three times in a row we go to jail. This rule will affect our probabilities in ways that we didn’t have to previously consider. In addition to this rule, there are effects from the chance and community chest cards that we are not considering. Some of these cards direct players to skip over spaces and go directly to particular spaces. Due to the increased computational complexity, it becomes easier to calculate probabilities for more than just a few turns by using Monte Carlo methods. Computers can simulate hundreds of thousands if not millions of games of Monopoly, and the probabilities of landing on each space can be calculated empirically from these games.

Question Response form Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Question Response form Case Study - Essay Example Dick inherited problems at Modrow plant; he was not included in initial planning and spent a lot of time in getting up to speed. His friendly and easy going attitude was not appreciated in the English plant as well as the Modrow plant by Canadian workers, as his casual strolls were considered as suspicious and steadily his stature and authority as a plant manager was undermined by the workers. The limitations he had as a leader was his inability to understand accounting practices and delegating tasks to his sub-ordinates, as a result he started taking interest in minor or unimportant issues of the plant. This micro management kept him away from core issues rising from expansion and modernization of the plant. His attempts to gain insights by spending time in manufacturing area were not ideal and a trusting behavior towards middle management should have brought better results in implementing the changes he wanted. He was not furnished by the relevant information by middle management a s they had doubts about his abilities as a leader additionally his obsession for gaining insight from workers left the middle management with lack of trust in him. In order for a successful change to come whether it is cost saving initiative, modernization or expansion Dick should have paid attention to more strategic issues of the time and used his time for inculcating trust within management, there are many leaders who lack the technical knowledge or experience but they achieve results by leaving the technical aspects of the work to technical staff communicating with their line managers and not seeing everything as a potential for cost saving initiatives. A gradual or incremental change would have helped Dick in first normalizing the situation due to his appointment ahead of local operating staff, gain trust of managers by staying away from the workers followed by understanding the modernization and expansion challenges. This change is suggested keeping the personality of Dick in consideration, consequently an authoritative leader would have opted for a rapid change while resisting forces would have been removed or sidelined. Dick was not authoritative and it was sheer nuisance that made him show anger towards the foremen, the strategic change approach best for him was the above said incremental one with less suspicion and exploration towards prevailing methods used by workers (Daft, 2010). Question 2. The change or improvement measure proposed by Dick to the foremen was justified and could have saved costs, what Dick missed in bringing this change was the consideration of issues faced by workers and how they wanted to work. The reason foremen disagreed with him was due to his lack of trust in him as a leader, alternatively Dick should have requested the siding manager to implement the new method of scrapping. Dick did not follow the chain of command nor did he uphold his stature as a plant manager, as a result he was ignored by the foremen and the workers a like. Change is always faced by resistance; this resistance comes from confusion or the need to continue status quo hence such resisting elements should be dealt by the managers by addressing concerns of the workers and explaining value addition to them and to the organization. Even though Dick’s intentions were good but his approach led to the

Intercultural Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intercultural Relations - Research Paper Example nies opening up their business in countries apart from their home countries, cultural integration and sharing of cross cultural values have become more important from the perspective of international business. Russia and China are two important economies in the world in terms of international business. However, the cultures prevailing in the two countries are similar and different in various dimensions. The cultural evaluation of the two countries can be done with the use of the Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory. Russians greet in formal styles in business meetings. Handshakes are considered appropriate as forms of greeting or leaving in the business meetings. It is a common practice to exchange business cards in the beginning of a corporate meeting. Formal addressing is considered appropriate in China. Exchange of business cards at the beginning of a business meeting is indispensible (Bouwen, 2001, pp.361-369). The business meetings are conducted in formal and result oriented environment. Russia is characterised by religiosity. Most of the Russians follow the religion Christianity. However there are some percentages of people who follow Islam. Few European minorities are western Christians and roman Catholics. Russian language is the official language. However, the people are fluent in English language. Georgian language is also used in some parts of the country (Hendrickson, 1998, p.141). China is a multi religion country. A number of diverse religions are practiced including Buddhism, Taoism and to an extent Islam. Buddhism and Taoism are the most commonly followed religions in the country. Mandarin and standard Chinese are most commonly spoken language. Punctuality is important for Russian people. Handshake in formal meetings is expected. Demonstrating gestures are commonly shown by the Russian people. A firm handshake with a suitable greeting according to the time of the day is considered appropriate (Jandt, 2013, p.377). The Chinese strive to make

Macroeconomic Performance of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macroeconomic Performance of China - Essay Example The country's economic progress is visible in terms of all these factors - the huge jump in per capita incomes, the increased scope of activities for non - state sector enterprises, and its closer integration with the global economy. The Chinese economy grew at a healthy rate of 8% in the year 2000. The growth was stimulated by supportive macroeconomic policies, and a favorable external environment. PESTLE Analysis - an Introduction: PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding the "big picture" of the environment, in which you are operating, and the opportunities and threats that lie within it. By understanding the environment in which you operate (external to your company or department), you can take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats (RAPIDBI). Specifically the PEST or PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding risks associated with market growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for a business or organization. Political Environment: Political forces influence the legislations and government rules and regulations under which the firm operates. Every company faces political constraints in the form of antitrust laws, fair trade decisions, and tax programs, minimum usage legislations, pollution and pricing policies, administrative activities and many other actions, aimed at protecting the consumers and the local environment. These laws, rules and regulations affect a company's profits. However, there are other political actions such as patent laws, government subsidies and product research grants that support business activities. Thus, political forces influence the organization both positively and negatively. Political activity also influences three additional functions, viz. the supplier function, the customer function and the competitor function. The customer function is influenced by the political activity when government demand for products and services can create, sustain, enhance or eliminate many market opportunities. Economic Environment: Economic factors clearly indicate the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm operates. Every market is unique and consumption patterns change along with the wealth of the consumers in various market segments. For strategic planning all the economic trends at national and international levels have to be considered. Prime interest rates, inflation rates and trends in the growth of the Gross National Product (GNP), general availability of credit, the level of disposable income and the propensity of people to spend are the economic trends that have to be analyzed. The potential economic impact of international forces appeared to be severely restricted and was largely discounted until recently. The focus of economic environmental forecasting was changed by the new international power brokers. The European Economic Community (EEC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and coalitions of lesser-developed countries (LDC) are three well known examples of influential international power brokers. Social Environment: The social environment is an important factor as changes in the values, beliefs, attitudes, opinions and lifestyles in society create potential opportunities for an organization. For a company to grow, it is necessary to take advantage of societal

Selling Crack In El Barrio Sociology Essay

Selling Crack In El Barrio Sociology Essay Society sets standards for us to strive toward, and offers a limited set of accepted means through which we can reach these standards. Unfortunately, the means accepted by society are not available to everyone. The lack of equal opportunity in our society compels certain groups to resort to deviant behavior in order to achieve their goals, or even just to survive. Deviance or deviant behavior is behavior that goes against accepted formal and informal social norms. Crime falls into the category of deviance that goes against formal social norms, or written laws and regulations. Groups that engage in deviant behavior are generally stigmatized by society, and in turn, are subject to marginalization. One such group is the immense subculture of drug dealers. A subculture is a group that has cultural values and behavioral patterns distinctive of a particular group in a society. In his account titled In Search of Respect, ethnographic researcher Philippe Bourgois goes into the depths of this subculture and examines why drug dealers live the way they do and how their occupation is a not just a personal choice, but a product of society. In addition to illustrating the social production of blocked opportunities for residents in Bourgoiss ground breaking book, he also provides an interesting new insight into the street culture found in New York City by examining the effects of illegal drugs on a minority group. Specifically, the book focuses on the experiences and lives of Puerto Rican crack cocaine dealers and users as well as their friends, families and girlfriends, each of whom Bourgois depicts as victims of circumstance. In doing so, the author vividly details and analyzes the effects of structural inequality and social marginalization in the United States. Bourgois, with his wife and child, moved into a tenement apartment in a small neighborhood in New York City named East Harlem in 1985. To residents, this neighborhood was simply known as El Barrio. To conduct his study, Bourgois and his family spent the next five years living among the harsh realities of the ghetto streets. The purpose of this was to infiltrate, assimilate, and participate in the daily workings of the community as much as possible to gain a better understanding of the circumstances these poor and suffering Puerto Rican residents faced. As such, the ultimate goal was to gain entrance to a network of Puerto Rican crack dealers as well as their network of relatives and acquaintances. During his five year stint in El Barrio, Bourgois engaged in intensive participant observation among the informants who allowed him to penetrate the secretive culture of the underground economy. He provides the reader with verbatim narratives taken from his conversations with drug dealers, police officers (who occasionally mistook him for a drug addict), and drug users Bourgois uses the account of his subject and friend named Primo to illustrate the circumstances of drug dealers and the reasons they resort to illegal jobs. The norms of drug dealers include street sales, drug houses, violent crime, and respect associated with the status of a drug dealer. Having the identity of a drug dealer attributes a sense of power and pride to a man, even if it is just in his neighborhood. It prevents him from having to bear the humiliation of being degraded or belittled by a superior while working at a legal job. Bourgois book focuses on a relatively unexamined section of the drug industry, the local dealers, some of whom are, or have been drug users. He notes that most of them started out in legitimate work, often prematurely by truanting from school, not a difficult thing to do in the inner city. However their entrepreneurial skills have not enabled them to escape from the most vulnerable wage sector. The poorest jobs fail to satisfy them while their backgrounds make it impossible for them to sustain contact with more promising possibilities. Still they are unwilling to lie down to the system. They have made the most of their limited opportunities by finding a niche in the illegal drug market. Although nobody is more aware than they are of the ultimate hopelessness of this, nevertheless in the meantime it gives them the buzz, the status and the income their yuppie contemporaries find a few blocks away in Wall St. very well-written, as the author uses a plain, easy-to-read and understand style. He is arguing that answers to societys most pressing issues are a lot more than mere blame-the-system or blame-the-victim approaches. It is far too common for liberals and conservatives, respectively, to blame society or to blame pathological, flawed individuals for social problems. As Bourgois shows in this book, the truth is often a combination of the two. Even his informants admit that they blame no one else but themselves for the situations they are in. The book starts off with Bourgoiss own experience of how there is an apartheid present in New York working against his subjects The amount of poverty in this portion of our country is much higher than that in most other areas. Bourgois argues that this neighborhood, which is well known for high rates of violence, does not have widespread violence occurring amongst all of its members. The higher crime rate, argues Bourgois, occurs for the most part within the factions of the underground economy. Some insight into this economy would explain the reasons for higher rates of violence. This book is a summary of the events that occurred during Bourgois stay in El Barrio. The original purpose of the book was to write a first-hand account of poverty and ethnic segregation in the heart of one of the worlds largest cities. Bourgois was swept into the area drug economy because of the abundance of information from the dealers and their families who all lived within the immediate area. The problem was so prevalent that the focus of th The amount of drug dealers or crack houses is an indirect result of the lost jobs in Harlem. Bourgois states that many of the unemployed in the inner-city are not successful in finding work because they lack the skills of working efficiently with people that they dont already have an every day relationship with, something that factory jobs provided. Factory jobs that moved out of the inner-cities left the large minority groups without a collective workplace where everybody knew their task and how to complete it. The current availability of jobs within the inner-city is mostly within the service sector. These jobs are individualized jobs where independence is required rather than a group effort. The jobs pay little and arent generally respected. This tends to lead many people within this community to become involved in the drug economy. Bourgois argues that, to reduce the violence within the drug community, we should consider the decriminalization of drugs. This would force small time dealers out of business, eliminating the need for them to commit violence amongst themselves, while making the s Bourgois states that there is a strong feeling of community among the people living in El Barrio. Those people not involved in the drug market rarely encounter violence themselves because the dealers have nothing to fear from them. Bourgois states that, during the day, children are safely left to play in the streets unattended by their parents. At night, when the legitimate working force of the community is eating dinner or asleep, is when the brunt of violence takes place Bourgois portrayal of the dealers and their families makes it difficult for the reader not to feel sympathy and compassion towards them. His argument is well defined and persuasive due to the fact that he moved his family to the area in which he was studying and had the courage to get in and really interact with the people of this community. The way in which he writes also compliments his argument by drawing the reader in and making him feel like he himself were there. Many may not agree with the solution that Bourgois suggests, but everyone who reads the book will re-think their own views before discussing t This is an incredibly well written ethnography, its very accessible and could be read by anyone. Really illustrates the problems of people in ghettoised areas, with restricted access to the job market and a stigma attached to them. Stigma is a mark of infamy or reproach. Drug dealing is stigmatized because norms of drug dealing completely clash with the norms of society, most obviously by going against written laws. Consuming or possessing illegal drugs is a crime, but the The only jobs that provided enough money for the Harlemites to survive on, with out having to engage in some other illegal activity, are high risk construction jobs, which were ran by racist mafia backed unions (ch. 4 pg. 162), or entry level jobs in the F.I.R.E. (finance, insurance, or real estate) sector (ch. 4 pg.142), where the impoverished Puerto Ricans did not have enough cultural capital or the proper ethnic background to survive in the positions being offered. Although the world of the underground economy is very chaotic, it all seems to revolve around one thing, crack. Everyones daily life, that is anyone who is not a member of the poor legal working class, is organized around crack, whether one is fighting rival crews for a spot to sell, or just hanging out at the local crackhouse waiting for a handout. It is prevalent on both the violent and non-violent spectrums of the culture. Obviously, the dealers had the most respect of everyone, and were looked up at by youngsters. To survive financially outside of mainstream society, one must manipulate all of ones available resources to make a livable income. So, in the underground economy this can mean any thing, from taking advantage of the welfare office, to selling drugs, or robbing people, all of which were employed by most of the subjects in this book. The only act that stood out to me, as being a ritual was the act of getting high. While getting high served two fold, it served as a method to deal with the reality of not being able to be in control of any part of ones life, and it severed as a way of opening up the lines for communication, as most of all the testimonials occurred over liquor and some sort of drug. What caught the eye of the youngsters were their nice shoes and the respect everyone had for the dealer. So at the earliest time possible, the young kids would try and emulate what they have seen as an acceptable, and viable way to get money and respect. Selling drugs, being violent, and robbing people, all were skills that they learned at school (ch.4pg.194). Bourgois eventually found his way to a storefront called the Game Room where video games provided a cover for the sale of crack cocaine. It was the manager of this establishment, Primo, who became Bourgoiss friend and primary informant about life in El Barrio. Through this intimacy, Bourgois seeks to tell us some things about the symbols and symptoms of urban ghetto life, the Achilles heel of the richest industrialized nation in the world by documenting how it imposes racial segregation and economic marginalization on so many of its Latino/a and African-American citizens. (Bourgois: 1995a; 14) Bourgois painstakingly records and analyzes the exploits of these elements of Puerto Rican diaspora. The culmination of such fieldwork is collected in ethnography about the urban underground economy and social marginalization Speaking fluently the minority language, he lived for five years in El Barrio and also travelled to Puerto Rico to trace the connections between there and Amerikay. His analysis starts in Puerto Rico, a Caribbean island at the end of the Cuban ±Dominican chain and therefore of strategic importance to the United States. Colonization by the US has The concentration of Puerto Rican immigrants in East Harlem has access mainly to the poorest service jobs in New York City. East Harlem is a classic ghetto which no self respecting New Yorker would think of even driving through. Yet, as Bourgois notes, the majority of East Harlem inhabitants have nothing to do with crime, far less drugs. It is the removal of all local industry, e.g. garment making, which has exposed a social infrastructure that is too weak to support the present massive levels of unemployment and casual labor.

The Oppression of Women and The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper e

The Oppression of Women and The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a fictionalized autobiographical account that illustrates the emotional and intellectual deterioration of the female narrator who is also a wife and mother. The woman, who seemingly is suffering from post-partum depression, searches for some sort of peace in her male dominated world. She is given a â€Å"rest cure† from her husband/neurologist doctor that requires strict bed rest and an imposed reprieve form any mental stimulation. As a result of her husband’s controlling edicts, the woman develops an obsessive attachment to the intricate details of the wallpaper on her bedroom wall. The woman’s increasingly intense obsession with the wallpaper ultimately leaves the reader with many questions about nineteenth-century male-female relationships, and perhaps even insanity. Several critics have identified many significant and contrasting themes in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† For example, the contrast of the male-female relationship in the late nineteenth-century, which is an apparent link between the sex roles and seemingly oppressive sexual structures. Another significant theme is the ominous question of what lies behind the meaning of the structure and color of the wallpaper. Does it represent a symbolic realm of imagery, or a linguistic realm focusing on the identity of the spoken and written word? More sympathetic critics like Gilbert and Gubar read â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† simply as a narrative of one woman’s efforts t free herself from the structured psychic, and social atmosphere—indeed, a rigidly constructed atmosphere that was very restrictive for a female of this day and time. They envisioned the wallpaper as being ... ...Conn: Yale University Press, 1979. 89-92. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. From the Heath Anthology of American Literature. ed. Paul Lauter, et al. D.C. Heath and Co. MA. 1994. 800-12. Herndl, Diane. â€Å"The Writing Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Anna O. and Hysterical Writing’† NWSA Journal no. 1 1988.   52-74. Hedges, Elaine R. â€Å"Afterward† to â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Old Westbury, NY. Feminist Press 1973. 12. Jacobus, Mary. â€Å"An Unnecessary Maze of Sign-Reading† Reading Women: Essays in Feminist Criticism. New York: Columbia University Press. 1986. 229-48. Kolodny, Annette. â€Å"A Map for Rereading: or, Gender and the Interpretation of Literary Texts† New Literary History 11,  no. 3 1980. 451-67 Treichler, Paula. â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† Tulsa studies in Women’s  Literature. 1984. (75). The Oppression of Women and The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper e The Oppression of Women and The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a fictionalized autobiographical account that illustrates the emotional and intellectual deterioration of the female narrator who is also a wife and mother. The woman, who seemingly is suffering from post-partum depression, searches for some sort of peace in her male dominated world. She is given a â€Å"rest cure† from her husband/neurologist doctor that requires strict bed rest and an imposed reprieve form any mental stimulation. As a result of her husband’s controlling edicts, the woman develops an obsessive attachment to the intricate details of the wallpaper on her bedroom wall. The woman’s increasingly intense obsession with the wallpaper ultimately leaves the reader with many questions about nineteenth-century male-female relationships, and perhaps even insanity. Several critics have identified many significant and contrasting themes in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† For example, the contrast of the male-female relationship in the late nineteenth-century, which is an apparent link between the sex roles and seemingly oppressive sexual structures. Another significant theme is the ominous question of what lies behind the meaning of the structure and color of the wallpaper. Does it represent a symbolic realm of imagery, or a linguistic realm focusing on the identity of the spoken and written word? More sympathetic critics like Gilbert and Gubar read â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† simply as a narrative of one woman’s efforts t free herself from the structured psychic, and social atmosphere—indeed, a rigidly constructed atmosphere that was very restrictive for a female of this day and time. They envisioned the wallpaper as being ... ...Conn: Yale University Press, 1979. 89-92. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. From the Heath Anthology of American Literature. ed. Paul Lauter, et al. D.C. Heath and Co. MA. 1994. 800-12. Herndl, Diane. â€Å"The Writing Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Anna O. and Hysterical Writing’† NWSA Journal no. 1 1988.   52-74. Hedges, Elaine R. â€Å"Afterward† to â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Old Westbury, NY. Feminist Press 1973. 12. Jacobus, Mary. â€Å"An Unnecessary Maze of Sign-Reading† Reading Women: Essays in Feminist Criticism. New York: Columbia University Press. 1986. 229-48. Kolodny, Annette. â€Å"A Map for Rereading: or, Gender and the Interpretation of Literary Texts† New Literary History 11,  no. 3 1980. 451-67 Treichler, Paula. â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† Tulsa studies in Women’s  Literature. 1984. (75).

Human Arrangements Essay

The increase of poverty in the recent years is one of the major problems which the United States has to face. As the survey shows, the highest poverty rates in the United States were witnessed during the years of recession, for example 1960, 1975, 1983 and others. However, the poverty rates increased dramatically through 2001-2003. In 2002, the number of people in poverty reached 34. 4 million, which is 12. 1% of the population. The poverty rate was at its lowest level between 1970-1980 years, but since that time it never decreased until that level. In the last years, it was the lowest in 2000 (at the level of 11%) but since that time it kept increasing annually. In 2003, poverty rate reached 12. 5% which is 0. 4% higher than in 2002. The dynamics of poverty in the United States also shows that the most vulnerable members of the society are people under the age of 18 (17% of them are in poverty). Citizens aged 18-64 have had the lowest poverty rates up to 2002, when the level of poverty rates of seniors (aged 65 and older) reached their level. According to the regional characteristic, states in which poverty rates increased the most included Florida, Illinois, Utah, South Carolina and others. It is also necessary to analyze the dynamics of poverty rates among different races. According to the survey, poverty rates increased greatly among all of the races present in the United States. At the same time, the income level of White, Asian and Black households remained unchanged while the income of Hispanic households experienced some decrease. Among these groups, Black households have the lowest level of income and thus have the highest poverty rates among the groups in the society. In 2003, the median income of Black families reached only $30,000 which was only 62% of the $48,000 income of White households (non-Hispanic origin). The group with the highest income level, and thus the smallest number of people below the poverty line was Asians. Their average income reached $55,000 in 2003. It is possible to conclude that among all of the groups, Blacks are experiencing the most problems with obtaining income. Asian households receive almost the double income of what Black households receive. Due to the fact that poverty rates are increasing with years, it means that Black citizens are going to become more and more vulnerable in the society. In 2003, 24. 4% of Black people were below the poverty line, and the percentage has increasing by 2005. For comparison, only 11% of Asian people were below the poverty line in 2003. There are many reasons why the poverty rate among Blacks has changed the most during the recent years. First, due to discrimination, many Black people are still unable to get high-paying jobs which people of other origins get easily. The experience of New Orleans shows that despite the hopes of African Americans hat discrimination would be reduces with time, this process is very slow. Most of the people affected by hurricane in New Orleans lost their houses and jobs, and it will be very difficult for them to achieve their previous level of income in the following years. Unfortunately, the government did not take any measures to assist the people whose houses were devastated by the hurricane. Situation with New Orleans is only one of the examples of how discrimination occurs in the United States and Black population is unable to reach the same income level as other races. Another reason of high poverty rate among Blacks is their inability to enter prestigious establishments of higher learning. Due to the low income level of their families in comparison with other races, they are often unable to obtain good education which would lead them to high-paying jobs. At the same time, it is necessary to mark that due to the introduction of Civil Rights legislation, the poverty level of Blacks in the recent years is much lower than it was before the adoption of legislation. Even though the poverty rate has been increasing during the last years, the average rate is much lower than it was in the 50s. Despite the fact that Blacks are still experiencing some sort of discrimination, it is much less noticeable as it was before the adoption of Civil Rights legislation. Owing to the legislation, they finally got an opportunity to have the same rights as white people and thus the overall poverty level among Blacks declined dramatically in comparison with previous decades. Bibliography. 1. Poverty in the United States- 2002. Issued September 2003. Available at URL: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/popula.html 2. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States 2003. Issued August 2004. Available at URL: http://www. census. gov/prod/www/abs/income. html.

Ernest Hemingway and Mary Welsh

Ernest Hemingway and Mary Welsh life the writer, whose novels were read all around the whole world and who women were crazy about, seemed not to have known the happiness of this great feeling. So what was the story of Ernest Hemingway and Mary Welsh? Ernest belonged to that rare type of men who believed that any serious passion for women should end with a marriage. Being married for the third time, in 1944 in a London pub Ernest saw a pretty blonde and fell in love. Mary Welsh was a charming blonde, an American, a daughter of a woodcutter, who studied to become a journalist (Meyers). By the time of meeting with Hemingway she was thirty-six years, and she was married. On the eighth day of dating the writer came up to her and in the presence of all said: I want you to marry me. I want to be your husband (Reynolds). Mary asked Hemingway to stop talking nonsense, as both of them were married. However, the follow-up meeting in a Paris hotel put everything in the right place, and they fell into the arms of each other. For a few days they maintained their strength with champagne and joyful amazement of being together. Two years later, in March 1946, Hemingway and Mary Welsh got married.. After the wedding dinner the couple quarreled. The next morning, as Mary recalled, sober Hemingway happily announced, Let us never get married again! She replied, Definitely not with each other. He added, Not with anyone else. I still love you (Meyers). In such a way they made it up. Undoubtedly, to be a wife of a genius is interesting, but it is also incredibly difficult Mary forgave Hemingway his rudeness, heavy drinking and even adultery only because he was incredibly talented. Hemingways children criticized their mother for lack of will. You do not understand, she said, I am a wife, not a cop (Reynolds). They lived together for fifteen years. In fact, it was a long and happy marriage. Nevertheless, their children accused Mary Welsh of the fact that she helped Hemingway to die. In the last years of life the writer repeatedly tried to kill himself One day Mary found her husband charging a gun. She tried to distract him, joking that it would be nice to start writing a suicide note. Still, Hemingway was persuaded to go to a clinic. Mary rented a room in a nearby hotel and spent all the days with her husband. She was the only person with whom Ernest could speak without any fear of being suspected of madness. In his last year, he repeatedly tried to kill himself. After trying to shoot himself, he wanted to jump out of a plane by which he was being taken to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, but it did not work as the door would not open. At the hospital Hemingway was treated with electroshock (Reynolds). This caused a partial loss of memory, vision, and even more severe depression. When asked to write a few simple suggestions for a book about Kennedy, after a few hours of fruitless efforts Hemingway started crying in the presence of his doctor. It was too humiliating for him to realize that, being a great writer, he could not make up e ven the most primitive phrase. He once said that if he felt his hopelessness, then he would not hesitate to leave this life. Early in the morning of July 2, 1961, Ernest Hemingway fulfilled his promise Mary knew it was meant for him. Mary Welsh outlived him by a quarter of a century and prepared Hemingways Parisian memories as a book A Moveable Feast to print. This novel is considered the best work of Ernest Hemingway.

Projected Memory essays

Projected Memory essays The essay Projected Memory: Holocaust Photographs, by Marianne Hirsch, is about postmemory. Postmemory is a term that Hirsch has coined. It is memory that is not the product of direct or lived experience but that is produced by the stories and images that circulate from one generation to the next, evidenced in the ways children remember the memories of their parents (Bartholomae 399). It focuses on how children of Holocaust survivors remember the Holocaust through there parents ordeals and stories. The essay by Hirsch is constructed in a way so that different peoples stories and experiences are told so that they represented in postmemories. It is constructed this way to give support to what Hirsch is writing about, postmemories. Every passage deals with the postmemories about the Holocaust. If it was written any other way it would have been extremely difficult to paint such a clear picture of postmemories. The style of the essay was necessary for the argument represented by the essay to work. With out it, it would have been nearly impossible for it to show you the difference seen in a picture if you look at it as a past memory, even if its not a memory of your own, and not as history. The passages of the essay takes you through the pictures as if it was you in the picture. You learn how adult viewers see the child victim through the eyes of his or her own child self (Hirsch 413). Pictures of different children victims of the Holocaust are shown and described in great detail. The first picture is of a little boy in the middle of the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto. It is described by Jaroslaw Rymkiewicz so that it makes you feel that you are the little boy or at least standing next to him. Another photograph work is Past Lives, by Lorie Novak, in which it is made up of three different pictures. The foreground picture is made of a picture of little Jewish children hidden in a Fre...

As a Mercerian, what do you consider the most importasnt leadership Essay

As a Mercerian, what do you consider the most importasnt leadership quality and why - Essay Example Intelligence appeals to me as the core leadership quality because it arouses and supports all the other requisite qualities for successful leadership. It is out of intelligence that a leader would be able to communicate sense to the audience, understand the desires of the followers and appeal to their support for the intended course. It is intelligence that would give a leader the confidence to communicate to with followers and earn confidence in whatever decisions made. Indeed, intelligence could be attributed to the success of many leaders be it in political, social, professional or religious circles. For example, Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple Inc., a leading international technological company, was endowed with intelligence that not only enabled him innovate the most marketable technological gadgets but also appeal to employees of Apple Inc. to live to the vision of the organization. It is the intelligence of Nelson Mandela, the first president of independent South Africa, which saw the country attain independence from colonialists and in addition unite the people of South Africa after apartheid regardless of their background. Therefore, I am certain that intelligence is the most important leadership

Open Source Software Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Open Source Software - Research Paper Example Moreover, one more example includes Amazon .com minimizing information technology expenditures from $71 million to $54 million by replacing their business automation software with open source applications (NAGY, YASSIN and BHATTACHERJEE 148-151). Similarly, sabre holdings were able to save more than $10 billion dollars by deploying MySQL that is an open source database (NAGY, YASSIN and BHATTACHERJEE 148-151). As these open source software are free of cost, organizations started replacing legacy systems with open source products. This trend has forced hardware and software vendors along with proprietary technology vendors to offer value added services associated with open source products. After discussing all these advantages associated with open source software, one question comes in mind i.e. what is the purpose of spending money on proprietary software, and why do some companies do this? The answer is probably because they do not know that an open source meeting all their needs ex ists. For example, an open source enterprise resource planning application for Small medium business can be a cost saving alternative for expensive ERP systems such as SAP and Oracle. Moreover, open source business intelligence and analysis software such as Jasper reports and Pehanto are available today (NAGY, YASSIN and BHATTACHERJEE 148-151). However, the existence of these open source applications does not ensure proficient after sales or maintenance support and their functionality that can be catered by a consultant or advisory service. Likewise, these open source software are volunteered without proper marketing strategies possibly because of their low budget. A comparison between an open source application and MS office is demonstrated in Table 1.1 below: Table 1.1 Source: ("Jet-Computing.com  » Linux Mint "), (Crammond) After discussing benefits for open source software, we will now discuss the barriers for organizations adopting open source software. The first factor is th e knowledge barrier, as discussed before, lack of available support, consultants, customization and lack of business knowledge for aligning the application with business objectives. The second barrier is a lack of integration with the legacy software and hardware. Likewise, Forking is another barrier because open source software is coded by different groups of people and may not integrate with other open source software. Moreover, the technology associated with open source software is immature i.e. not tested nor does it have a successful history. However, in order to overcome these challenges, organizations must train their staff and hire third party support and maintenance services. Moreover, for eliminating integration issues with legacy systems, middleware can be used for supporting integration functions. Furthermore, for addressing forking, self-resolving capabilities with the aid of self-managed standards is required. In addition, to address software immaturity, organizations must follow open source software maturity models and white papers for proper evaluation. Works Cited Crammond, Tony. "Head to Head: Office 2010 vs. Open Office 3.1 | IT PRO Reviews " 13/3/2010 2010. Web. 3/12/2012 . "Jet-Computing.com  » Linux Mint "Web. 3/12/2012

Paper subject ( Management financial resource ) Essay

Paper subject ( Management financial resource ) - Essay Example The mental health care, among adults, is provided on the basis of the community based hospital, independent supported living and adult residential care homes (CareTech, 2014). The young people residential services are directed towards children; this segment is associated with various facilities that are associated with facilitating the learning of children, as well as managing their behaviors. Fourthly, the company offers the foster care services; this segment ensures that children are assessed in their homes. This foster care segment is related to the provision of special services to children with disabilities. While offering these services, the management understands that a prudent financial management can help the company to perform effectively in its area of operation (CareTech, 2014). In this respect, this paper is focused on assessing the financial management of the health and social care organization; the paper will pay attention to the operations of CareTech PLC. Among the financial aspects that would be discussed include the principles of costing and business control systems. Considering that CareTech PLC is a firm that focused on offering health and social care services, it is critical for the firm to use the absorption costing method. The absorption costing method ensures that various costs are expensed to a given product or service. This method is effective as far as the external reporting is concerned (Fukui, Yoshiuchi and Ikezaki, 2014). The method ensures that both direct and indirect costs are effectively expensed to a given service or product. The absorption cost would be efficient in determining the costs that are required to be met by CareTech PLC in various segments in order to continue offering its services to diverse clients. Generally, the direct and indirect costs are assigned to different the end product or service that is provided to a customer. The absorption costing has remained a key principle of costing

José Rizal Essay Example for Free

Josà © Rizal Essay Jose left Calamba for Binan to study under the instruction of Maestro Justaniano Aquino Cruz. His days in school were full of memories and It is where he develop his skills in painting and the arts of wrestling. He was also the best student in their school. Jose surpassed all the Binan boys. It contributed for the love of independence in Jose. At that tender age, he was able to control himself. Although he was struck by homesickness but diverted the feeling of nostalgia in developing talents and focused more in his academic studies. I remember when I was in my elementary years. Sometimes, I was left alone by my parents. I just use my time by coloring books and playing with my friends. This activity helps me in identifying colors and building harmonious relationship with others. December 1871 Jose went to Calamba, his home town, where he was welcomed home by his parents, brothers, and sisters. He also spent his Christmas in Calamba. He was given a chance to celebrate with his family the Christmas on 1871. He even shared his experience in Binan. Christmas and other holidays would be merrier when we spend it with our family especially when we exchanges jokes and stories. January 1872  The Cavity Mutiny flared up, followed by the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora on February 17th. Paciano was deeply affected with the execution of his friend. As a sympathy and protest against the injustice of Spanish authorities, he quit studies and went back to Calamba. This was the period when Jose’s determination to consecrate his life to combat the evil forces of his times despite of his tender age. As a Filipino, I too, is greatly affected by this event because it shows injustice and racial discrimination because Filipino priest were considered inferior and given limited assignments. They were not allowed to hold parishes. June 1872 The hero’s mother was accused and arrested on malicious charge that she aided her brother, Jose Alberto, in trying to poison Alberto’s wife. She was forced to walk on foot from Calamba to Santa Cruz. Jose Rizal experienced the injustice of the Spanish authorities. This event in his life was inculcated in his mind and opened his eyes to reality and dreamed to have equality between Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. This event shows how Spaniards manipulate justice for their own benefit. This will also leave a message to the reader not to trust anyone be June 1872 to 1873 Jose entered Ateneo Municipal. He was at first put at the tail of the class, but he was soon promoted and kept on being promoted so that at the end of one month he had attained to the rank of Emperor. At the end of the term he obtained marks of excellent in all the subjects and in the examinations. . He had reason to feel proud of his advancement; and so when he went home on vacation that year, he ran alone to see his mother in the prison and tell her the happy news. Jose shows that he can do better even when he is Second year in Ateneo (1873 to 1874) The second year, Jose had the same professor as in the previous year; but instead of lodging outside the City, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes. At the end of the term he obtained a medal, and upon returning to his town, he again visited his mother in jail alone. This was three months before her release. Third year in Ateneo (1874-1875) Rizal family was happy because Dona Teodora was released from prison however, Rizal returned dissatisfied to his hometown because he only won one medal. He failed to win a medal in Spanish because his spoken Spanish was not that fluent. A Spaniard who delivered Spanish with fluency and right accentuation defeated him. He studied harder this year and regained his leadership composure and became an emperor again. Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1876) Rizal obtained five medals, which pleased him immensely because with them I could repay my father somewhat for his sacrifices. Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877) Rizal was considered as â€Å"the pride of the Jesuits† because he was the most brilliant Atenean of his times.

Threats to Quality Web Designs Network System (QWD)

Threats to Quality Web Designs Network System (QWD) Executive Summary The main purpose of this report is to existent the potential security threats that aspects Quality Web Designs network system (QWD). QWD specializes in website and web content design for dissimilar types of business and any type of security threat can significantly disturb its business operations. It is significant to uncover any potential vulnerabilities, assess potential threats, and the potentials of the threat happening. It is also vital to calculate what might happen to the business process and competitive edge of the company if the threat occurs. Two security vulnerabilities in both QWD security policies and software are deliberated in the report. Finally, we discuss the impact the security modifications have on the business process. Company Overview Quality Web Design (QWD) is an institute that focusses in the Web site and Web content design for all different types of businesses. QWDs assignment is to deliver best quality Web design that will increase consumer income to QWDs customer Web sites. QWDs database comprises over 250,000 branded images and graphical designs that will improve most Web sites demand to a goal demographic. QWD is able to offer its clients the capability to offer their audience a customized interface. Indifference lot of consistent services were delivered by Quality web Design Company to their customers in such a way that there wont be any security problems in the organization anymore. There were several limitations to every company and Quality web Design can overcome them. QWD superiorities itself in having their own web designers that use ritual scripts and applications. This sets the company apart from other competition. The company operates Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Service server to promise constant development of the site from start to end. The company also has its own payroll, marketing, and accounting departments which are significant to the business operations. Security Vulnerabilities Security Policy Vulnerability QWDs security policy does not discourse the topic of employees using company equipment such as the IPhones, Windows cell phones, and laptops for personal use. This should be lectured in an Acceptable Use Policy. By the company not making a policy, only for the company use only they are making the equipment, it grasses the company vulnerable to open occurrences. It is not impracticable to contemplate that employees do use company delivered equipment for personal use. Employees usage the devices to send and receive private emails through non-related company sites such as Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo. They use the company devices to surf the web, shop for items, play games, download applications, get on social networks such as Myspace, Facebook, and Twitter, watch videos, and even listen to music. According to one site on employee internet use, employees spend about one-third of their time on the Internet for personal reasons. (Employee Internet Use) This means that out of a regular 40 hou r work week, employees are spending 13.33 hours doing personal Internet usage. This also relates to employees who offer their mobile numbers for personal use on the Internet. Sometimes sites need registration and things such as contact phone numbers must be included, Unfortunately, for some employees, the only number they have to use is the company issued mobile phone. It means that the employee is given that the company mobile phone as their point of contact number. This type of vulnerability delivers the prospect of pressures beside the company by not having a policy in place. The threat that can arise is if an employee downloads a virus, malware, or Trojan to their mobile phone, laptop, and even desktop. This is especially so for the remote devices because when these are connected to the Exchange server, it can infect the corporate network. If an employee is using their desktop to surf the Internet for private usage and they open an email sent by a contact that has a virus attached, it can infect the network. Another example is if an employee registers for something personal online, such as sweepstakes, this can be a problem. If a hacker gets a hold of the information, the hacker could send a text message that has instructions to download something that contains a virus. If an employee is under the guess that they have won something that they know they signed up for, many will not hesitate to download the link. Since devices such as mobile phones and laptops are used more often off site by employees, providing them more time to use for their personal use, it makes the risk highly likely. If statistics suggest that employees are on the Internet one-third of the time for private use at work, it would seem to be a lot higher when employees are at home or not at work. This means they are checking emails more often and downloading content which could be infected. They could even let family members and friends use their devices to access the Internet. Employee Internet Use editorial also conditions that over $85 billion is vanished each year by companies because employees are using company time to access the Internet for personal use. If anything the employee has downloaded and allowed to infect the company network, it is safe to say that number goes up. If infections are passed onto the network, it could halt business processes. In order to fix the problem, it would cause the company time and money. The company also has to try and assess how much and what type of damage was caused by the attack. It could also keep employees from accessing necessary applications, emails, and work on time sensitive projects. Software Vulnerability Agreeing to Microsoft Visual Studio (2008), the Team Foundations Server (TFS) is a software implement that offers project administration abilities, recording, work stalking, and source control. Team foundations server also holds a data warehouse where all data from testing implements, source control, and item tracking are stored. QWD customs TFS in its business routes as a warehouse of custom applications, procedural written scripts, and web site templates. The TFS warehouse contains a database code source, an application server, and a web server. QWDs TFS server is placed at their corporate office, though it can also be opened distantly by Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) tunnel connecting the corporate office to the database server. TFS has a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability that may give an unofficial remote attacker admission to an application (Cisco, n.d.). XSS is in the list of the top 10 web application vulnerabilities and signifies 26 percent of assaults from a review done by the Open Web Application Security Project (Nithya, Pandian, Malarvizhi, 2015). The vulnerability is a result of not sufficient confirmation on user-supplied input in constraints referred to the exaggerated application. A remote attacker who has not been authenticated may use the vulnerability to convince a QWD user to follow a malicious link that leads to a malicious site and use deceptive instructions to convince the user to click the link. If the remote attacker is successful, they can execute cross-site scripting attacks and can motive severe security damages such as cookie hold up and account hijacking (Shar Tan, 2012). The vulnerability will result in insignificances to assignment serious business procedure since the attacker can increase access to QWDs intranet, Microsoft Share Point, the web server, and cookie-based validation. The assailant can delete or alter QWD website patterns and custom written scripts that are deposited on the server. In addition, QWDs competitive advantage will be exaggerated by the damage of integrity, loss of key customers and associates. Reserved data can be sold to competitors making QWD suffer losses and bear the cost of repair. Summary In any organization, the corporation must take into explanation any security matters that can offend the company, employees, and its customers. QWD must take into account the vulnerabilities related to its technological procedure and how it can mark the business. It is main to look at the software and security policy vulnerabilities and how to defend the company from any probable pressures and threats. It is supposed that by addressing the satisfactory use policy of company equipment for private use and the wireless access points of company laptops, this can aid in keeping the company network more secure. References Clancy, Heather. (2011). Mobile device security strategies. Retrieved on March 21, 2012, from http://searchnetworkingchannel.techtarget.com/feature/Mobile-device-security-strategies Defending Cell Phones and PDAs Against Attack (2006 August 9). Retrieved on March 21, 2012, from http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST06-007.html Elliott, Christopher. (2011) Retrieved on April 10, 2012, from http://www.microsoft.com/business/en-us/resources/technology/broadband-mobility/6-wireless-threats-to-your-business.aspx?fbid=Hsna4GJxWrg Employee Internet Use. Retrieved on March 29, 2012, from http://www.connections-usa.com/employee-internet-usage.html Evil Twin. Retrieved on April 4, 2012, from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/evil-twin Hotspot Usage to Reach 120 Billion Connects by 2015, Says In-Stat (2011 August 29). Retrieved on March 29, 2012, from http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/8/prweb8751194.htm MiFiÂÂ ® 4082 Intelligent Mobile Hotspot. Retrieved from http://www.novatelwireless.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=276:mifir-4082-intelligent-mobile-hotspotcatid=19:mifiItemid=12 Mobile Broadband Cards. Retrieved on April 10, 2012, from http://www.todayswirelessworld.com/mobile-broadband-cards/ Mobile Broadband Cards

The Meaning of Community :: Definition Essays Community

The Meaning of Community Community is defined in two different ways. The Universal English Dictionary describes a community as 'a society or body of persons living in the same place, having the same rights, privileges, and interests, and acknowledging the same laws.' Another definition by the Oxford English Dictionary describes it as 'common character or commonness.' Even though these are different ways to describe this word, their meanings are quite similar and are used greatly in their own ways with everyday life. Looking at the definitions and comparing it to how it is used in everyday life and conversation, there is not much of a difference between them. People use the word ?community? to describe the area where they live and what they can and cannot do in their community. The rules, regulations, and privileges are the same in their community just as described in the definitions. After reviewing what the word actually means, a main thing that sticks out would have to be that a community of people has "rules and privileges that must be followed and obeyed by everyone" (Merriam-Webster). It is almost as if it has its own little ?government? that sets standards and regulations for the people to follow. However, something that may have already been known would be the description of common character or commonness. A community has to have these things in order for peace and happiness to survive. Projects and readings for the class help with the understanding of a community. Working on the project is almost like working in a community with the rules and deadlines that must be followed and done properly. There have been readings about people working on, or helping with, communities if it needs help on certain issues. These readings have helped tremendously on the gaining of knowledge of the meaning of a community and how much a community needs help if it is in trouble. Community is a word that can be looked at in many different ways and have many different opinions to what it actually means in certain situations. People of communities realize that they must follow the laws and not misuse their privileges that have been granted to them by the ? The Meaning of Community :: Definition Essays Community The Meaning of Community Community is defined in two different ways. The Universal English Dictionary describes a community as 'a society or body of persons living in the same place, having the same rights, privileges, and interests, and acknowledging the same laws.' Another definition by the Oxford English Dictionary describes it as 'common character or commonness.' Even though these are different ways to describe this word, their meanings are quite similar and are used greatly in their own ways with everyday life. Looking at the definitions and comparing it to how it is used in everyday life and conversation, there is not much of a difference between them. People use the word ?community? to describe the area where they live and what they can and cannot do in their community. The rules, regulations, and privileges are the same in their community just as described in the definitions. After reviewing what the word actually means, a main thing that sticks out would have to be that a community of people has "rules and privileges that must be followed and obeyed by everyone" (Merriam-Webster). It is almost as if it has its own little ?government? that sets standards and regulations for the people to follow. However, something that may have already been known would be the description of common character or commonness. A community has to have these things in order for peace and happiness to survive. Projects and readings for the class help with the understanding of a community. Working on the project is almost like working in a community with the rules and deadlines that must be followed and done properly. There have been readings about people working on, or helping with, communities if it needs help on certain issues. These readings have helped tremendously on the gaining of knowledge of the meaning of a community and how much a community needs help if it is in trouble. Community is a word that can be looked at in many different ways and have many different opinions to what it actually means in certain situations. People of communities realize that they must follow the laws and not misuse their privileges that have been granted to them by the ?

Proposal for Multimedia Project Essay

A self-declared grey hat hacker has leaked credit card information from Visa and MasterCard. In a Pastebin statement, ‘Reckz0r’ said that he targeted the credit card giants for ‘curiosity and challenge’ and was only leaking a portion of the credit card information as he could not leak everything, as it was ‘too large’. He said: â€Å"I’m also censoring the credit card information such as CC number, secret code, expiry date for security measures, I also edited the way the information will look, the original one looked bullshit. The document includes the card owner’s name, address, telephone number and email address. Speaking on Twitter Reckz0r said that he did not hack Visa and MasterCard, but several banks. He later tweeted that he had ‘penetrated over 79 large banks’ and had been targeting these banks for three months. In a web chat, Reckz0r told SC Magazine that the total data file was 50GB and it mainly consisted of credit card data and ‘contained data of company-owners, for example (LinkedIn co-founder) Reid Hoffman’. He declined to answer a question on how he hacked the two companies, but when asked if he found flaws to make this hack easier, he said yes and admitted that he had also hacked into the FBI, Pentagon and US Navy websites and ‘leaked some of their staff emails’. In this instance, Reckz0r chose to reveal personal details of customers. Asked why he chose not to hit the credit card companies directly, Reckz0r said: â€Å"I’ve took down mastercard. com a year ago and Visa. This time, I did a leak. I hacked a few banks and leaked the information. The full leak is 50GB containing 500,000 citizen’s information. He confirmed that he was involved in the attack on MasterCard and Visa in December 2010, when Anonymous declared support for WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange after PayPal permanently restricted the account used by WikiLeaks. This led to attacks on PayPal and other sites who chose not to support Assange or the whistle-blowing website. Reckz0r said that he was involved in the Visa and MasterCard attacks with two others. He said: â€Å"We’re just showing that when LulzSec was over, people thought it’s the end of Anonymous, it isn’t actually. † He also said that he was working alone as he had been before. Tal Be’ery, web research team leader at Imperva, said: â€Å"Having looked at the files that were posted, it doesn’t look credible. If anything he hacked a website and downloaded credit card details that contained Visa and MasterCard – along with American Express. But it is highly unlikely that he hacked both Visa and MasterCard directly. † Asked what he would say to people suggesting it is not genuine credit card data, Reckz0r said: â€Å"They’re a bunch of haters, if I wouldn’t censor the data and leak the whole 50GB data, I’d be noticed as a black hat. †

The Cuban Trade Embargo essays

The Cuban Trade Embargo essays In the summer of 1960, the United States set in motion a process that has gradually grown stronger ever since. This process was the Cuban Trade Embargo. The process began when the Cuban government ordered two U.S. oil companies, Standard and Texaco, to refine Soviet crude oil at their Cuban refineries. The two companies refused, and to no one's surprise, the Cuban response, on July 1 of that year, was to nationalize both the companies' holdings in Cuba. This, though, was only one of the three main factors that led to the Cuban Trade Embargo. The second reason was to raise the costs to the Soviets, and to the Cubans, of maintaining their alliance and pursuing policies detrimental to U.S. interests. Third, to reduce the resources Cuba could pour into assistance to revolutionary movements, especially in Latin America. At the time, all of these objectives were considered completely rational. They were, after all, formulated against the backdrop of the Cold War and Castro's vows to spark revolution throughout the southern hemisphere. But this was 1960, a time of crisis and uncertainty among the nation. In today's world, revolution amidst a country is almost unheard of, the Soviet Union has fallen, and we remain one of only a handful of countries that continue to hold a trade embargo against Cuba. The United States must call a halt to the Cuban Trade Embargo. On Wednesday, November 28, 2001, the United Nations held a vote on whether they were for or against the United States concerning the trade embargo with the island of Cuba. For the tenth consecutive year, the United Nations voted 167 to 3, against the embargo. Only the United States, Israel, and the Marshall Islands voted for the embargo. Despite the overwhelming majority, the United States refuses to end the embargo. Instead, it continues to add sanctions and remove them, all depending on the president at that time. The last sanction that the United States forced upon the Cuba...